The Canton System

The Qing government tightly controlled trade with foreigners. Most Western merchants were limited to one small area near Guangzhou (Canton). This trading zone was only about the size of 6–7 soccer fields, crowded with warehouses and homes.

Foreign traders were not allowed to travel freely, and rules were strict. Westerners often felt looked down upon and insulted, often called "foreign devils", while Chinese officials believed they were protecting their country. This poor treatment on both sides led to misunderstandings and growing anger, which later turned into conflict.