The Columbian Exchange

The Aztecs lived in a world that was separate from Europe, Asia, and Africa. Because of this, they did not have horses, iron tools, or guns, which Europeans later brought with them. Aztec farmers and warriors used stone tools and obsidian, a sharp volcanic glass. Even without metal or horses, they built large cities and strong armies.

Aztec daily life was centered around farming, markets, and family. Most people ate foods grown nearby. Their main food was maize (corn), which they used to make many dishes. They also ate beans, squash, tomatoes, chili peppers, avocados, and cacao. Cacao was used to make a bitter chocolate drink, often enjoyed by nobles and warriors.

These foods were unknown in Europe, Asia, and Africa at the time. After Europeans arrived, these foods spread around the world in what is called the Columbian Exchange. Corn, chocolate, tomatoes, and chili peppers changed diets everywhere.

Sadly, the Columbian Exchange also brought new diseases to the Americas. Illnesses like smallpox spread quickly because the Aztecs had never been exposed to them before. Historians believe that up to 90% of the Aztec population may have died from disease. This terrible loss of life weakened the Aztecs and helped lead to the fall of their empire.